Master of Arts in Nursing Essay Example For Students

Master of Arts in Nursing Essay There is a knowledge base, authority over education, altruistic service, a code Of ethics and registration requirements for practice ( Mac Owen, 2007 ) A discipline is a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing all phenomenon Which defines the limits and nature Of its inquiry. It is a branch Of knowledge ordered through the theories and methods evolving from more than one worldview of the phenomenon of concern. According to Mac Owen (2007) nursing knowledge base draws from many disciplines. In the past it has depended heavily on physiology, sociology, psychology and medicine to provide academic standing and to improve practice. However, recently nursing has been seeking hat is unique to nursing and developing those aspects into an academic discipline, What are the cornerstones of a discipline? L. Research- this is a systematic method of inquiry to discover an/or validate knowledge thus establishing a knowledge base to be used in practice. It contributes to the development of theory for practice, 2. Theory- is an intellectual invention which groups knowledge, ideas and experience seeking to illumine a given phenomena. It involves intellectual operations and is comprised of facts, principles, and concepts that are arranged to claim their interrelatedness. It describes something, a happening, a honeymoon, or explains phenomena and organize ideas and knowledge. Theory development is essential to nursing practice in that it describes, predicts, controls and explains phenomenon of interest to nurses. It validates, enhances and improves nursing practice promoting understanding and explanation of the phenomena and gives rise to the body of knowledge. 3. Practice It is the application of the discipline with a knowledge base a vehicle for implementation of theory as well as validation and impetus for research. According to Mà ªlà ©es (2007) there are 4 important defining characteristics that determine nursing perspective: 1. Nature of nursing as human science 2. Nursing as a practice- oriented discipline 3. Nursing as a caring discipline the caring relationships that nurses and patients develop 4 Nursing as a health oriented discipline. It is an art where nurses grasp the meaning that is inherent in their encounter with patients, establish connections With clients skillfully perform nursing activities, choose between alternatives and to morally conduct nursing practice. The Stages in the Development of the Nursing Discipline 1. Stage of Practice, Apprenticeship and service- In this stage the mission of urging is to provide care and comfort to enhance healing and sense of well- being and to create a healthy environment that helps decrease suffering and deterioration. 2. Stage of Education and Administration- In this stage the focus of nursing is on what curriculum to develop and what training programs to offer to teach nursing practice also, vatu educational programs are best for prospective nurses, and what is the best venue for the education of nurses; is it the university or in the hospital 3. Stage of Research- In this stage nurses begin to look for means to improve the practice Of nursing. Nurses begin to engage in nursing inquiries and scientific endeavors. Thus, theory development improve because of research. 4. Stage of Theory This stage focuses on the fundamental questions about the essence of nursing, its mission, and its goals. Theory development at this time is influenced by many factors: paradigm of related disciplines, by the educational background which stems from existentialism, pragmatism, psychoanalysis, as well as trot humanism. According to Mà ªlà ©es (2007) three themes in nursing evolved during this stage, These are: acceptance of the complexity Of nursing ND the inevitability tot multiple theories; acceptance of the need to test and corroborate major propositions of differing theories before dismissing any of them; and the idea that concepts or theories remaining in the field, through cumulative effect become the bases for the development of a scientific perspective. 5. Stage of Philosophy This stage focus on the raising and answering of questions about the nature of nursing knowledge. It is during this stage that nurses ask questions related to values, meanings and realities. 6. Stage of Integration- This stage is characterized by dialogues and discussions elated to Structures such as nursing, science, theories. Philosophy, clinical knowledge and nursing specialties. This stage marks the development of educational programs that are organized around the integration Of theory, research and practice. It is during this stage that members of specialty areas develop theories related to their fields. A final characteristic of this stage, according to Mà ªlà ©es (1997) , is the systematic reappraisal of philosophical and theoretical underpinning that have guided the definitions and the conceptualization of the central concepts of the domain of nursing. 7. Stage tot Interdisciplinary In the beginning of the 21st century there was integration that challenged members of different disciplines to build programs of research that incorporate theories and evidences from different disciplines. Relationships are forged between research and clinicians who are members of different disciplines to develop joint institutes to advance research programs or to provide more comprehensive education. LESSON 2 NURSINGS INTERMARRIAGE A intermarriage is the global perspective of a discipline that identifies the primary phenomena that re Of interest to that discipline and explain how the spelling deals with those phenomena in a unique manner (Faucet 2000) as cited by Mac Owen (2007). The intermarriage includes major philosophical orientations or worldviews of a discipline, the conceptual models and theories that guide research and other scholarly activities. Person or nursing client- The recipient of care including its physical, intellectual, spiritual, psychological, and sculptural components (Catalane 1990). He is a human energy field, a holistic being in the world, an open system, an integrated whole, an adaptive system, and a being who is greater than the um of his parts ( Wagner 1986) The client may be an individual, family, or community. Health refers to the degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person. It is the ability to function independently, successful adaptation to life stresses, achievement of ones full life potential, and unity of mind, body, and soul. (Wagner 1 981) It is a continuum raging from a completely healthy state where there is no disease in to a completely unhealthy stage which ends in death At any given time in ones life , everyone is located somewhere along the health continuum and may move closer to one side or the other depending on his life tuition. The concept of health will vary from person to person and culture to culture ( Throne at AY 1998 ) Environment refers to all external and internal conditions, circumstances and influence affecting the person, significant others with whom the person interacts, and an open system With boundaries that permit the exchange Of the matter, energy and information with human beings (Wagner 1986) In nursing, the concept Of environment includes not only the simple surroundings but also to indicate elements such as living conditions, public sanitation, air and water, quality, interpersonal relationships and social interactions. The mount etna EssayActivity-exercise pattern 5. Cognitive-perceptual pattern 6. Sleep-rest pattern 7. Self-perception-self-concept pattern 8. Role-relationship pattern 9. Coping-stress-tolerance pattern 10. Value-belief pattern Some Other typologies Of nursing problems have been developed by Other nursing theorists, thus, emphasis on when to assess is very much influenced by the theoretical framework that is being subscribed to by the nurse. Nursing Diagnosis. The second component of the nursing process is the Nursing Diagnosis. Nursing diagnoses are defined as labels given to problems that fall within the domain of nursing. According to Mà ªlà ©es (1997), TTT is a concise summary, a conceptual statement of the clients health status. The nursing literature contains many definitions tort nursing diagnosis. All tot these definitions add to better understanding of what the concept means, Some of these definitions are: 1. Nursing diagnosis is a concise phrase or term summarizing a cluster of empirical indicators representing patterns of unitary man (Roy, 1982) 2, A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about an individual, family or community Vichy is derived through a deliberate, systematic process of data collection analysis. It provides the basis for prescriptions for definitive therapy for Which the nurse is accountable. (Shoemaker, 1989) 3. A nursing diagnosis is a statement that describes the human response of an individual or group Which the nurse can legally identify and for Which the nurse can order the definitive interventions to maintain the health state or to reduce, eliminate or prevent alternation. 4. A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment about individual. Family, community responses to actual or potential health problems and live processes. Nursing diagnosis provides the bases for selecting nursing interventions to which the nurse is accountable (AND 1 990) These are just a few of the definitions and they can be summarized as being a statement that describes a clients actual or potential response to a health problem to which the nurse is capable of and is called upon to provide competent interventions. The evolution of the term nursing was fraught with controversy. Nurses at first were hesitant to use the term nursing diagnosis mostly because they lived that the term belonged to the realm of medicine. In fact, the pros and cons of the use of the term was debated by other health professionals including those in the medical professions. Originally, nursing curriculum was organized around diseases and medical conditions. However, starting mid-xis on to early ass nursing leaders and educators started to revise the curriculum around client-centered problems (Carpenter, 1989). It was in the early gs when the term nursing diagnosis came into being. Creative nursing leaders and educators formulated nursing diagnosis and wrote individualized nursing care plan. However, professional nursing, notably the American Nurses Association, was at first not supportive Of the use Of the diagnosis label for the reason mentioned earlier. The works of Henderson, Abdullah and other theorists, encouraged nursing in terms of patient problems and the subsequent use of the term nursing diagnosis. By the ass and xis, activities concerning nursing diagnosis increased. There was an increase in the number of articles in nursing literature which supported the use of nursing diagnosis. In 1973, the first conference of Nursing Diagnosis was held to establish a classification system. In 1982, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (AND), was established. The purpose of AND was to develop, refine and promote a taxonomy of nursing diagnostic terminology of general use tort professional nursing (Kim, 1984). The American Nurses Association (ANA), has officially sanctioned AND as the organization to govern the development of classification system of nursing diagnosis (Carpenter, 1989), Presently, practicing nurses and educators use AND nursing diagnosis taxonomy as guidelines in developing individualized nursing care plans for their patients. (see Appendix for Namedropping diagnosis as of 1 992) The process involved in formulating nursing diagnosis includes analysis and interpretation Of data gathered during the assessment phase, identification of clients need and problems, and finally, formulating the nursing diagnosis. In the assessment phase, data were collected from a variety Of sources, validated and sorted out into clusters. From the clustered data, the nurse guided by her own knowledge and experienced, interprets. She recognizes patterns and trends, and draws conclusions from patients response. When a relationship among patterns is identified, a list of client. Centered problem or needs begins to merge. Thus, one can see that the formulation of nursing diagnosis makes use of diagnostic process. Aside from improving communication among nurses, nursing diagnosis also improves communication between nurses and clients. Nursing diagnoses facilitate communication in several ways: the list of nursing diagnoses is used as reference to understand clients health care needs; Nursing diagnoses provide consistency in communicating about clients level of wellness and discharge planning: nursing diagnoses encourage nurses to prioritize and therefore, help them to develop their organizational skill. Planning, Planning is a category of nursing behavior in which client-centered goals are established and strategies are designed to achieve the goal ( Potter and Perry, I gal The primary purpose of the planning step of the nursing process is to design a plan of care for the client data, once implemented, results in the prevention or resolution Of clients health problems ( Taylor, 1996) The three basic types of planning critical to comprehensive nursing care are: Initial, ongoing problem oriented and discharge. The initial plan is developed by the nurse who performs the admission nursing history and the physical assessment. This plan addresses each problem in the prioritize nursing diagnosis and identifies priorities, Standardized plans can be used as bases for planning, but the plan itself should be individualized. Ongoing problem oriented planning is carried out why any nurse who interacts with the client. Its chief purpose is to keep the plan up to date. At this stage of planning, nursing diagnoses are stated more clearly and new diagnoses and new goals are added when needed. Discharge planning is best carried out by the nurse who has worked more closely with the client and family and in conjunction tit other members of the health team.